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There is a common (mis)conception that kata is limited to the solo forms practiced in the various styles of Karate.  Of course, all forms of Budo have kata, although many disciplines have no solo kata at all, but rather have forms or patterns practiced with one (or more) opponents.

When renowned karate master, Hirokazu Kanazawa, (1931 – 2019) set out his “Ten Elements of Kata” he did so, of course, with the kata of Shotokan Karate, (his preferred style) in mind.  However, not only are the ten principles that he laid out equally relevant to other styles of Karate, as one might expect, they are similarly applicable to all kata practiced across the spectrum of Budo arts - somtehing which is often overlooked.  While, naturally, the practical application or practice may differ, the principles equally apply to the solo or paired (or more) kata of Judo, Jujutsu, Jodo and the sword arts,.  They are rarely, given the historic methods of transmission, set out in such concise, or direct, terms in those arts. 

Kanazawa’s Ten Elements of Kata are set out below.

(Note, the accompanying descriptions are intentionally broad as they each necessitate their own deeper explanations in other articles or features).

The Ten Elements of Kata

Yoi No Kisin

The spirit of getting ready. Concentration of mind and will against an opponent, often as a preliminary step prior to starting the kata itself.

In Yō (not “Inyo” as is often written)

Broadly similar to the concept of Yin and Yang in Chinese Martial Arts. In the context of Kata, it relates to always keeping the mind and attitude turned to both the attack and the defence.

Chikara No Kyojaku

The way in which strength is used. Usually thought of as the amount of power used in each movement, kamae or step of kata.

Waza No Kankyu

Speed of the movement and position within kata, although pace and rhythm, rather than just “speed” would be more appropriate to keep in mind.

Tai No Shinshusku

The (degree of) expansion and/or contraction of the body in every movement in kata.

Kokyu 

A deep area of study in its own right. In the context of the ten elements, it can be thought of as “breath control”.

Tyakugan

Understanding of, and focus on, the target points. Keeping the purpose of the component part in mind.

Kiai 

In karate (but not all arts) demonstrated by shouting at a pre-defined part of a kata sequence. Sometimes (incorrectly) said to be as a demonstration of martial spirit.

Keitai No Hoji

Correct movement and positioning, including kamae.

Zanshin

Another element worthy of its own detailed study and is not just the closing movement that can often be seen practiced.  As a minimum, it may be considered as staying “on guard” or alert to residual danger at the end of kata until the point of relaxation.